Insecticidal effect of Eucalyptus globulus and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils on a stored food pest Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidea).

For the purpose of evaluating the local heritage of eastern Numidia, an ethnobotanical survey was conducted on a population located in the province (department) of El-Tarf (North-East of Algeria) on a frequency of use of two plants known in traditional health; Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae) and Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae). After processing data, our results show a female dominance when using these plants on a fairly advanced age group (40 to 60 years old). These plants are used by the people at their fresh state and deem the leaf as the most used part for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. Furthermore, steam baths and infusion remain the most widespread preparation methods. Most consumers use these plants to treat influenza, respiratory illnesses as well as diseases of the digestive tract. GC-MS of essential oils extracted from the plants studied disclose a dominance of the alcohols portrayed by the monoterpenes (42.73%), sesquiterpenes (32.6%) and oxides (10.48%) in E. globulus. Data also indicate a high content of oxides (38.11%) monoterpene alcohols (20.43%) and monoterpenes (19.70%) in R.officinalis. Toxicological contact tests were achieved on a store-products pest Ephestia kuehniella. The test results were assessed with E.globulus (LC50=0.013; LC95=0.081 µl/cm2) and R.officinalis (LC50=0.011; LC95=0.059 µl/cm2). The lethal time changes according to the dose used and the tested plant. In E.globulus, we observe (concentration: 0.005 µl/cm2; LT50=56.2 h), (Concentration: 0.01 µl/cm2; LT50=49.53h) and (Concentration: 0.04µl/cm2; LT50=20.93h). Whereas in R.officinalis, we recorded (Concentration: 0.005 µl/cm2; LT50=55.7h), (Concentration: 0.01µl/cm2; LT50=54.99 h) and (Concentration: 0.04µl/cm2; LT50=29.13 h). The bioinsecticide has also been administered by fumigation and underpins toxicity by the reduction of adults longevity in E.kuehniella with R.officinalis (LC50=4.03 µl/l air; LC95=14.73 µl/l air) and E.globulus (LC50=7.76 µl/lair; LC95=21.23 µl/l air). In addition, the tested plants show an outstanding repellent effect as long as E.globulus and  R.officinalis essential oils respectively demonstrate a slightly repellent power at 42.22% (RD50=0.09 µl/cm2 ; RD95=0.24 µl/cm2) and repellent at 60.00% (RD50=0.06 µl/cm2 ; RD95= 0.35 µl/cm2) towards E.kuehniella adults. The plant resources represent a genuine reserve of bioactive molecules, which can create solutions to sustainable development issues. These plants might be the source of new molecules of combat against some pests in order to protect human health and safeguard the environment.

Seasonal antioxidant responses in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck 1816) used as a bioindicator of the environmental contamination in the South-East Mediterranean.

In this study, sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus were sampled seasonally at three stations during 2012 in the coastal areas of the Gulf of Annaba (southeast Mediterranean). For all sea urchins, the gonad index was calculated to determine sea urchin reproductive status. Moreover, a set of biochemical parameters, including biomarkers and oxidative stress parameters, was measured in gonads. The pesticides and physiochemical parameters were measured and dosed in sea water. The results obtained highlighted that the levels of pesticide were generally low and below those commonly applied by environmental quality standards (EQS), indicating that no alarm state is currently present in the Gulf of Annaba. In addition to pollution, seasonal change is an important factor influencing biomarker activity, and the significant increases in biomarker levels in spring are a major observed trend. This activity may also be related to reproductive status. Seasonal variability was confirmed by the significant results of the Kruskal-Wallis test and by the high degree of divergence between seasons in PCA, with a total of 83.83% of variance explained. These results indicate that environmental factors that vary seasonally may affect the antioxidant status of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus.